Effect of Toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans Essay Example for Free

Effect of Toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans Essay Toluene and Xylene are some of the major compounds in the solvents that affect the humans. Both, Toluene and Xylene, exert some effects like irritation at the site of contact and CNS depression. Irritation Solvents are in liquid form when at room temperature, but they are volatile too. When these solvents are in liquid form, once they come in contact with the skin, irritation may occur. When they are volatile, inhalation of these vapors may cause irritation in the respiratory track and the vapors may cause irritation to the eyes even. CNS Depression CNS depression is defined as the consistent effect of these solvents at sufficiently high levels of exposure. The symptoms are disorientation, giddiness, and euphoria. The syndrome may progress to paralysis, convulsions and unconsciousness. Death may ensue. The mechanism is not clear yet but the observation that narcosis (CNS Depression) was related to the solubility of toluene and Xylene in lipid and not at all related to their chemical structure, and hence suggested that narcosis resulted from CNS cell dysfunction following solubilizing of the solvents in the cell membrane. There are also a variety of specific effects of toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans. The diversity of these effects is a result of the different metabolic being formed. They are effect on liver, kidneys, nervous system, and hematopoietic system.

History of human Essay Example for Free

History of human Essay The whole history of humankind is inseparably linked to the changes in the dynamics of the population growth that consequently pushed the start of the process of migration. Since ancient times, humankind started to spread from its cradle across the world in quest for a better life. Just recall the Bible stories about the 40 year trip of the Sons of Israel headed by Moses across the desert in search for the land of promise. It might be a fairy tale, but nevertheless it could be the real prove that mass migrations of population have already occurred in those times. Due to absence of reliable information, it’s very hard to estimate the dynamics of people migration throughout the world up to the beginning of the XIX century. At that time European counties started to conduct population census relatively precocious to modern standards. But lets’ get back to the very term â€Å"migration†. Here’s the definitions given by the hyperdictionary. Migration: 1. [n] the movement of persons from one country or locality to another; 2. [n] the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding; 3. [n] (chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule; 4. [n] a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period). However, the definitions relating to the â€Å"people migration† is very brief and I would give the following definition to the term. Migration- is the movement of a person or a group of persons from one locality to other caused by different socioeconomic or other factors. We should differentiate between 2 main types of migration- internal- domestic (people move from one region to another within the borders of one country) and external-interstate migration (from one country to another); we also should discriminate between emigrants (leaving their homeland for a permanent settlement in oversees) and refugees-(those who seek escape from war and disasters, and those people fleeing from persecution based on political or religious beliefs). In last decades the number of people looking for a better life has drastically increased. Nowadays, at the beginning of the XXI century nearly 1 of 35 tellurians is a migrant. If all these people would live in one common state, then it would be the fifth biggest by its population country on the planet with approximately 175 millions of inhabitants. It testifies, that migration is one of the most substantial global sociological phenomenon of our times having a deep impact on the economies and societies ways of life. The last statement is completely proved by the history of the USA, the country that was founded by colonists or in other words migrants. Since the October 12th of 1492 when Columbus have discovered a New World, it became a tasty piece of pie for the European monarchies to bite- a perfect place to develop all the treasuries of new lands and spread the influence. But to conquer the New World, Old Europe needed to build settlements and it led to increase of migrants flow that went to America in hope to get richer, some to escape from never ending wars in Europe, from persecutions based on religious beliefs (Pilligrims), some to propagate Roman-Catholic Christianity. So, the conquest began, but it led to horrible results- many local ethnic groups were wiped out (South America, conquistadors). The whole territory of the New World was divided between the European powers; however the rivalry between them existed, as England was in a constant war with France and its allies. There were one more source for this tension not in Europe but in the New World- it was the population growth of the British continental colonies from 250 thousands people in 1700 up to 1. 75 million in the 1760s. Step by step England forced out France and Spain over the most territories of North America, so London had a vast territories with the population greatly spread over them to guard. With time, the colony was becoming more and more detached from the British Empire. Trying to stop this process, England tried to grab the control over the colony, but with every year the confrontation between colonists and English Parliament grew more and more, until in 1775 American revolution revolved. After gaining independence in 1783, the American society was a ethnic diversity –British (not English as migrants were arriving from all the regions of British isles), French, Spanish colonists, Africans (taken to the continent as slaves), and aborigines- Indian tribes (gradually driven out from their homeland by the colonists). So came the 19th century, the times, when all the circumstances favored the economic growth of the former colony, as there still were undeveloped and wealthy in natural resources lands. The unification of the States and abolishment of slavery favored the arrival of new migrants, so grow the labor force, and it must be added it was a cheap labor force. As a vivid example, is an American railroad system, in building of which Chinese immigrants took a great part (in fact it was build on the bones of the letter, ‘cause of the harsh conditions, absence of health security system and low pay). At those times, a domestic migration rates grew, caused by the well known discovery of gold in Alaska and California (Gold Fever). Poor people from all over the country rushed to those places in hope to find gold and get rich. By the end of 19 century the American nation still was not completely formed. It was rather a â€Å"pot mix† of nations than an ultimately formed nation. The flow of immigrants have not stopped, but received a new push after the beginning of WWI and with subsequent fall of European Empires (Austrian -Hungarian and Russian empire). In those and succeeding years, the number of emigrants from Europe, especially from former Russian Empire has drastically grown. Those emigrants helped to build the economy of the US, as many of them were not just simple unskilled workers, but in many cases intelligent persons. For example, Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky, a famous Russian-American aircraft designer, who was born in Kiev (Ukraine, state within the Russian Empire) and after the revolution immigrated to the USA. Altogether, with his friends and companion-who were also emigrants from Russia, he founded his company â€Å"Sikorsky Aviaengeneering† that some time later became a part of â€Å"United Aircraft† company. In 1972 he passed away being a honorable member of different scientific societies and having a lot of different awards. The man is gone long time ago, but still the design bureau bearing his name produce aircrafts. However, not always the migrants were warmly received. In last decades, many countries have made their policy line much tougher concerning reception and help given to refugees and immigrants. According to the UN statistics, such measures have shown themselves in increased number of refugee status accordance denial. The emigrants and refugees experienced and experience lots of problems beside the migration rules and regulations, but also the confront a much more serious problem, such as xenophobia, a highly negative attitude of native population toward the comers There’re many reasons for such attitude (just recall Martin Scorseses â€Å"Gangs Of New York â€Å"). As usually migrants are coming from the poorer states and ready to work for less money then the native population. In most cases here, the natives are afraid that comers would take their job places. Moreover, illegal migrants may easily beef up the criminal lines, as in most cases they unqualified and unable to find job. There’s also a collision of cultures and mentalities. In such rugged conditions, the migrants start to consolidate and create detached groups, living on own principles, preserving their original way of life. It’s some kind of a protective mechanism against new socium. For example, in many American cities, there’re many culturally â€Å"detached† areas such as China Town and Briton Beach (Russian quarters in Big Apple) etc. In those places, the migrants preserving their native culture and customs, it’s a place where the migrants attempt to reproduce the things they had at homeland. Nevertheless, these days, immigrants constitute an important part of a labor –market in industrially developed countries. According to the statistics of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), in many Western states, the interest for the labor potential of foreigners is on the rise. Here we could divide the demand for labor force into two categories- demand for unskilled and demand for qualified laborers. The developed countries are in a constant need for a cheap work force to work in some industries, where the local don’t want to work, for example building industry. So here help the migrant workers. These laborers in most cases work temporarily until their visa expire, then in some time they return back home otherwise become illegal immigrants. The qualified workers in most cases go to the developed countries for a permanent residence, called by the companies interested in their services. In most cases, these companies are working in the Hi-Tech sphere of business, and the latter is booming today, so there’s a lack of well qualified staff to fit the demand. As one of the examples was a problem of â€Å"Y2K†, when most of IT companies in the USA and other countries felt the need to increase the number of qualified personnel to fix the bug in computers before the upcoming of the year 2000. There’s another very interesting fact about the immigrants. It’s the money they send back home to families, they are of a great importance for developing countries economies. In values, such money transfers are taking the second place after the foreign investments as a source of oversees inpayments into the economy of developing countries. In 2002 the total amount of individual foreign transfers to developing countries constituted 72,3 billions dollars. The other important issue of that global community facing toady is illegal human trafficking. It’s not just illegal border crossing, but a very profitable business for the international crime syndicates, that proliferates prostitution, slave labor etc. This problem is or highest importance for the international community and today there’s an urgent need to consolidate all efforts of international bodies and of all the counties to stop this dirty business sucking huge profits from the eternal human strive to find a better life†¦ References 1. www. hyperdictionary. com 2. http://www. geocities. com/davidbofinger/vinland_h. htm 3. http://historicaltextarchive. com/sections. php? op=viewarticleartid=651 4. http://historicaltextarchive. com/sections. php? op=viewarticleartid=597 5. http://www. sikorskyarchives. com/indexlnk. html 6. http://www. un. org/popin/data. html 7. www. oecd. org 8. www. oecdobserver. org/

Produce Text Incorporating Three Patches On Professional Understanding Nursing Essay

Produce Text Incorporating Three Patches On Professional Understanding Nursing Essay The aim of this assessment is to produce a patch work text incorporating three patches on professional understanding. I am a second year Diagnostic Radiography student on a Inter professional programme working within the NHS. Radiography as a profession is very diverse and requires good communication among the inter-professional team. Diagnostic Radiography uses X-rays, Computerised Tomography (CT), Fluoroscopy, Nuclear Medicine, Ultra Sound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to generate images of bones and organs. Within this profession there are many aspects of ionising radiation that can be covered in one department; these aspects come under different modalities, many of which are mentioned above. The primary role of the radiographer is to diagnose injury or disease within the human body with the aid of these modalities using ionising radiation. As a professional body that is in control of Radiation exposure, there are regulations and guidelines I must adhere to. Such as the radiation protection legislation and the code of professional standards and conduct in accordance with the Society of Radiographers (SoR), who are the radiographers governing body. IRMER, The ionising radiation (medical exposure) regulations, lay down the basic measures for the, health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure. This applies to anyone working with radiation within a medical environment and provides safe working surrounding s for both the radiographer and the patient. I am also bound to ten statements found within the code of conduct for radiography which exemplify the, principles of professionalism, professional responsibility and accountability. These codes and regulations are not only set in place to ensure good practice but to also protect the patient and provide excellent patie nt care. Professional Understanding Patch 1 It is on reflection of my profession and these conducts that I wish to evaluate my role and contribution to the inter-professional team with the Gibbs reflective framework 1988 being used as my guide for reflection (see appendix), as this cycle, encourages you to think systematically about the phases of an experience or activity,'(Gibbs 1988). Whilst working within the confinements of the NHS I have unfortunately stereotyped many of my colleagues and feel I do not appreciate the true meaning of collaborative practice An Interprofessional process for communication and decision making that enables the separate and shared knowledge and skills of care providers to synergistically influence the client/patient care provided, (Jones Way, 2000). As after all, we all share as professionals the priority to make the care of people our first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity, (NMC 2008) As I look back over my practical experience I can see that it was pure naivety mixed with focused ambition which caused me to initially stereotype my colleagues. I was so intent on progressing through my degree that my main focus was on what I was learning in relation to radiography, by means of what images I was producing and whether or not they where diagnostic. My focus was on insuring I wasnt missing any vital pathology or fractures and on learning more of the anatomy so I could truly understand what I was looking for and why. It was this original determination that diminished the bigger picture for me, as I was unable to see the impact that as a professional I was having not just on the patient but on how the patients treatment will be managed and by who. The fact that I had little to no interaction with paediatric or adult nurses also contributed to this problem, but this was my own fault as I ignored these chances when they arose as I felt they would inhibit my main priority. So unfortunately to me my colleagues where still labelled as either subservient, handmaidens of the physician (Pillitteri Ackerman, 1993) or the childish, plays all the time nurse as there was no interest or need on my behalf to change this erroneous view. Ironically it was these views that would inhibit my professional development as in order for me to progress in the way I desired and become the best professional I could be I needed to appreciate my colleagues and work together with, one or more members of the health care team who each make a unique contribution to achieving a common goal, (CNO 2008). It wasnt until professional issues arose on placement that I began to question why I had labelled my colleagues this way, my first thought was through slapstick comedy and the media, regardless of the reason I was sure these were labels I wanted removed. Through both practical experience and academic modules I was slowly able to gain more of an insight into the roles and responsibilities of both child and adult nurses and although there are obvious differences, the main being that I work with and administer radiation and they dont, I found I was writing more similarities. The Code of Conducts that each individual professional is bound by provides these similarities but its our personal views on each profession and our lack of understanding that causes the stereotypes. Through understanding my own codes of conduct, ten statements set by the Society of Radiographers (SoR) and by comparing those with the codes set forth by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), the main similarity between the professions is clearly visible, as both documents publicly set out, the underpinning values and principles to promote, maintain and disseminate the highest standards of behaviour in order to enhance the good standing and reputation, (SoR 2004) of that profession and both also endorse the importance of working with others to, protect and promote the health and wellbeing of those in your care, (NMC). It became clear to me that although our individual professions dictate our role within the practical setting the codes and legislations we each adhere to entwine. As it is our collaboration with other health care professionals that promote and maintain patient centred practice, providing the patient with the right care at the highest quality. As an adult nurse provides care to support the recovery of patients, I as a radiographer diagnose disease and am responsible for the examination of patients using radiation. These differences help me to define myself as a professional, but it is through the collaboration with others that I am made more individual. As individuals we each have a specific role to play but as a collective our roles are so much more important, as we would not be able to fulfil our purpose of making the care of people our primary concern without the help of other professional bodies. 825 words Patch 2 Team work or team working can be defined as a certain number of people who have shared objectives at work and who cooperate, on a permanent or temporary basis, to achieve those objectives in a way that allows each individual to make a distinctive contribution, (CIPD 2010).This meant that traditional hierarchical forms were gradually replaced with employees that were expected to fulfil a variety of roles, now known as collaborative practice. Marc Alperstein and Amà ©lie Scalercio have constructed a piece of art, Collaborative Works, (see appendix) that I feel embodies this transition and highlights the individual issues that surround collaboration. The picture itself seems to document a conversation or argument that exists between two wills who are struggling to impose their presence or mark into an act. It is necessary that these works engage in collaborative practice to record the struggle that ensues in this dynamic exchange, one that could not exist if operating in solitude, (Art ist statement). The image almost mimics what occurs within the confines of a hospital environment, as it demonstrates that without Interprofessional working we would not be able to fulfil our collective role of good patient management and care. Making a difference, (DH 1999) suggests that effective care is the product of interagency working, where professionals work in collaboration to provide care which is designed to meet the needs of the patient. This concept was further promoted with the publication of The NHS Plan (DH 2000a) a ten year programme of reform practice. The NHS Plan (DH 2000a) aimed to create a service designed around patient needs, encouraging professionals to work together. Collaboration however, does not come without its constraints, as portrayed in the artist impression the two hands are tied together, illustrating the conflict shown by each individual profession as Interprofessional working is extremely challenging in the workplace, and is not an easy concept for healthcare professionals to adopt, (McWilliam et al 2003).Unfortunately this leads to a lower standard of care being delivered to patients within hospital environments, due to healthcare professionals misunderstanding the policies, education and research regarding Interprofessional working. This is owed to the, lack of support and training from managers, and the need for, managers to involve staff in changes within practice and that this involvement facilitates co-operation. (Deegan et al 2004). Co-operation is a major factor of a successful Interprofessional team as it not only benefits and improves the care that we provide to our patients but also enables the team itself to act efficiently by enabling professional benefits such as the, sharing of knowledge and the opportunities to experience areas of work outside ones own remit. (Barr 2004) The advantages are not only work related it is also suggested that professionals may have levels of improved job satisfaction and increased levels of confidence in dealing with difficult situations. We are all so focused on our individual job roles and on the polices and procedures that define us as a professional that we create our own conflict with an opposing profession as we try to prove ourselves, which is echoed in the picture. As each person holds one end of the tie, the tie representing the constraint we place upon ourselves and upon our professional identity, with each hand representative of how this constraint is self inflicted. After all this an image of two wills struggling to find their presence or mark in an act, as we at our place of work struggle to define our role within the patient pathway. However it is this conflict that diminishes the bigger picture as, as each hand is responsible for creating this conflict restraint; one hand can not break free of the bound without the collaboration of the other. This strongly relates back to practice as without the help and cooperation of another profession the patient like the hand would not be able to progress and conseq uently become free without Interprofessional collaboration. In order for us as professionals to provide care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions (Institute of medicine PCC) we must work as Interprofessional team and, learn from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care. (CAIPE 1997). There will always be a time that I as radiographer will need to cooperate with other members of the Interprofessional team, be it in surgery with consultants, anaesthetists and nurses or in the department with the radiologists, and it is this collaboration that will ensure that the patient is the focus point and that they will be managed and assessed as an individual with all pathways collectively working together, as opposed to two wills who are struggling to impose their presence or mark into an act. Words 798. Patch 3 Throughout this past year the main focus both practically and academically has been on collaborative practice, and how this has represented itself as a personal struggle to over come problems such as stereotyping colleagues, conflict issues and communication concerns. With the aid of the CPD module these issues that once clouded personal judgment faded and the real connotation of collaborative practice was revealed. Collaborative practice infers that people from different professional and academic backgrounds form a working relationship for the purpose of enhanced service provision. Although the real value of collaborative working is clear the move towards collaborative practice in Health and Social Care proved challenging, as it was essentially, the change from institutional to community-based care, (Barr et al, 1999). This meant that the, demarcations and hierarchical relations between professions were neither sustainable, (Sibbald, 2000) or appropriate and new ways of working that, crossed professional boundaries had to be created, in order to allow a more flexible approach to care delivery, (Malin et al, 2002). This transition became the cause of conflict within a now Interprofessional team and as a result stereotypes were formed and communication problems arouse. It seems that although this change was for the better, in providing a better standard of care for the patient, this focus was lost by the professionals whose duty this was. This is still very much an issue, where professionals are so centred on their individual position; they forget how much of a r ole they play in the Interprofessional team. The fact that collaborative practice has lacked a clear definition and instead has been linked with terms such as cooperation, coordination, participation and integration, has in some ways strengthened the issues that have prevented professionals from satisfying its purpose efficiently. It is also a relatively new field of practice, with the first major studies being undertaken in the 1980s, (Roy, 2001) however, since the implementation of the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act (Department of Health, 1990), the collaborative practice has featured prominently in government policy documents to promote, joint working, partnership and the creation of a seamless service between health and social care, (Maxwell, 1998; Payne, 1995). The importance of collaboration has always been emphasised practically and is also part of the academic pathway in the hope that the surrounding issues can be resolved before practitioners become professionals. Throughout the module the significance of collaboration with regards to person centred care became more important than the issues that encircled collaborative practice. It became increasingly essential to see the patient as equal partners in planning, developing and assessing care to make sure it is most appropriate for their needs and putting service users and their families at the heart of all decisions. In order to provide an excellent level of service each patient needs to be viewed as the individual they are, they can not be stereotyped by their age, sex, or symptoms. The main reason being that the way in which one patient is managed and treated would not work for another patient representing with the same symptoms, as his or her body could react differently to that treat ment, thus complicating the initial problem. It is the duty of any professional body to provide, care that respects the person as an individual and is arranged according to their needs, (DH 2008). However this care can not be administered without good communication from each professional that is responsible for the pathway of each individual service user. Communication is pivotal in a successful relationship be it between colleagues in the work place, students at university or family at home, it enables individuals to express themselves their concerns or relay important information to others. When this barrier is broken especially within the hospital sector each department become isolated and effectively treats the patient blind, as without communication from the nursing staff or the accident and emergency department a radiographer would not be aware of the symptoms a patient presents with and would therefore not be able to conduct an examination catered to that individuals needs. T he requirement for good communication enhances not only the professionals skills and ability to provide and excellent level of person centred care but enables a successful Interprofessional team to be consolidated, something that is also promoted academically. Interprofessional Learning can be defined as, Occasions when two or more professions learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care, (CAIPE 2005). Interprofessional learning enables different health and social care workers and agencies to gain a greater appreciation of each others values, knowledge and abilities and facilitates the best use of their skills which underpins the reality of the complexity of healthcare. Single professions or individual professionals working in isolation do not have the expertise to respond adequately and effectively to the complexity of many service users needs, (CAIPE 2006). In order to ensure that care given is safe, seamless and of a high standard it is e ssential that individual professionals, respect the integrity and contribution of each profession, (CAIPE 2006) and communicate with them effectively, relaying all the appropriate medical history and continuing to work closely with each other to ensure the patient is managed correctly and efficiently. Good patient care stems from a well defined Interprofessional team that collaboratively work with each other, to overcome communication issues, conflict issues and the stereotyping of their colleagues. By doing this all the professionals involved are able to treat the patient as an individual and cater to their individual needs, making them a part of the process and involving them in the decisions made about them. This all bauds well for the successful running of the NHS and in turn successful patient management, each professional chooses to be apart of this system to improve the quality of life for each and every service user, but it is important to remember that this can not be achieved by individuals who become isolated form a team. Although it is important to be an individual, it is of greater importance to be individual that is a part of an Interprofessional team. Words 1014. References: Barr, H (2005) Interprofessional Education: Today, Yesterday and Tomorrow. Accessed on 30.08.10. Reviewed 2004. Available at: http://www.health.heacademy.ac.uk/publications/occasionalpaper/occp1revised.pdf CAIPE. Interprofessional learning. Accessed on 23.11.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: http://www.caipe.org.uk CIPD 2010 Team working. What is team working? Accessed on 03.10.10. Reviewed on 01.01.10. Available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/maneco/general/teamwork.htm. Collaborative works. Marc Alperstein and Amà ©lie Scalercio. Accessed on 16.08.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: http://www.marcalperstein.com/collaboration Cooper, H., Braye, S,. and Geyer, R. ( 2004) Complexity and Interprofessional education. Learning in Health and Social Care 3 (4) pp 179-189. Accessed 02.02.10. DOH (2000a) A Health Service of all the Talents: Developing the NHS Workforce. DoH London. Accessed on 30.08.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: www.dh.go.uk DOH (2000b) The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. DoH London. Accessed on 30.08.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: www.dh.gov.uk DOH (2001) Working Together Learning Together: a Framework for Lifelong Learning for the NHS. DoH London. Accessed on 30.08.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: www.dh.gov.uk Framework for action on Interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Health professionals networks nursing and midwifery human resources for health. Publisher WHO the world health organisation. Reviewed 2010. Accessed 20.08.10 Freeth, D (2001) Sustaining Interprofessional collaboration. Journal of Interprofessional Care 15 pp 37-46. Accessed 02.09.10. Gibbs G (1988) Learning by Doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit. Oxford Polytechnic: Oxford 2009. Accessed on 20.08.10. Reviewed 2009. Available at: http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/upgrade/a-z/reflective_gibbs.html Glen, S and Reeves, S. (2004) Developing Interprofessional education in the pre-registration curricula: mission impossible? Nurse Education in Practice 4 pp 45-52. Accessed 05.09.10 Gordon F, Walsh C, Marshall M, Wilson F, Hunt T (2004). Developing Interprofessional capability in students of health and social care the role of practice-based learning. Journal of Integrated Care 12 (4) pp 12-18. Accessed 05.09.10 Interprofessional Collaboration among health colleges and professions. College of nurses Ontario (CNO). Accessed on 22.08.10. Reviewed May 2008. Available at: http://www.hprac.org Interprofessional learning. Practice based learning. Accessed n 25.11.10. Reviewed 04.09.08. Available at: http://www.practicebasedlearning.org/resources/ipl/intro.htm Interprofessional learning and caring for needs. London: South Bank University. Whitehead, D. (2001) Applying collaborative practice to health promotion. Nursing Standard. 15(20) pp33-37. Accessed 15.11.10 Jones and Way 2000 collaborative practice. Collaborative practice. Support the development of improved collaboration in healthcare. South eastern Interprofessional Collaborative Learning Environment (SEIPCLE). Queens University. Accessed 20.08.10. Reviewed no date. Available at: http://www.rehab.queensu.ca/uploads/clined/CollaborativePracticeModule.pdf Patient centred care. Why patient centred care? Accessed on 21.08.10. Reviewed 2008. Available at: http://www.patientcenteredcare.net/. Patient centred care policies (2008). Accessed on 21.11.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: www.dh.gov.uk. Person centred care. The health foundation . Accessed on 20.11.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: http://www.health.org.uk Person Centred Care (2006). Accessed on 21.11.10. Reviewed 2010. Available at: www.cmg.org.uk. RCPHC. Royal college of paediatrics and child health. Codes of Conduct. Accessed 23.08.10. Reviewed no date. Available at: http://www.rcpch.ac.uk. SoR statements of conduct Radiography. Statements for Professional Conduct. The college of radiographers. Accessed 22.08.10. Reviewed September 2004. Available at: www.sor.org Appendix 1 Gibbs reflective cycle 1988 http://www.deakin.edu.au/itl/pd/tl-modules/teaching-approach/group-assignments/images/reflective-practice.gif

Biography of Hillary Clinton :: HIllary Clinton Politics Government Essays

Biography of Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October the 26th 1947 at Edgewater Hospital, in Chicago. Her parents Hugh and Dorothy married in 1942. When Hillary was still young she learnt to stand up for herself. She told her mom that Suzy was bullying her and her mom said "There's no room in this house for cowards. You'll have to stand up to her." Hillary later knocked Suzy to the ground and said "Mom, now I'm tough enough to play with the boys! " After this she became a natural leader " She wasn't just interested in having power, but to help people. She felt sorry for the Mexican migrant workers , and organised neighborhood sales to raise money for them. She was a vice president of her junior class. She spent four years at Wellesley High School. During the Vietnam war Hillary and her fellow student held a demonstration to stop the Americans bombing Vietnam. She majored in political science and also studied psychology. When she started at Wellesley she was a Republican but later became a Democrate. Hillary was a Grade A student always and went to Yale Law School, where she met William Jefferson Clinton. In the summer and fall of 1972 Bill and Hillary both moved to Texas to work for the Democratic presidential campaign of Senator George McGovern. In January 1974 she was part of the legal staff for the House Judiciary Committee. This was a very exciting time for her as they were investigating President Nixon's involvement in the Watergate scandal. After working in Washington DC , she decided to leave and go to Arkansas, where Bill was teaching at the University of Arkansas Law School. Her friends couldn't understand why she was throwing her life away to work in a dirt-poor state. But often her answer was simply. "I love him". In October 1975 Bill Clinton and Hillary got married. She continued to work as a lawyer and kept her family name of Rodham when she married. In 1980 they had a child named Chelsea. The first election at Arkansas in 1980 was not a triumph, and many people blamed it on Hillary with her thick glasses and baggy sweaters.

Alice Walker :: essays research papers

On February 9, 1944, Willie Lee and Minnie Tallulah (Lou) Grant Walker gave birth to their precious daughter Alice Malsenior Walker. Who later became one of the most talented African American women in America through her short stories, poems and novels. Chris Danielle, the author of Living by Grace: The Life and Times of Alice Walker has covered some interesting points on Alice. Chris Danielle may not have any relation to Alice Walker, but has gotten deep enough in her life to give you the readers detailed insight on her struggle to success. Even though Alice has been through so much as a child to a grown woman. Alice still strived to become the best. Chris concentrated on many parts of Alice’s life. From her childhood times, to a young adult, to an aspiring writer, and to a role model for all women in America. I figured Chris gave so much insight on her life because he wanted us to see that anything is possible. To show us that no matter what obstacles try to stand in our way, we can always find our way around them. He referred to Alice as a â€Å"tomboy† when she was a little girl. Alice always wanted to hang around her older brothers and do the things they did. She was really outgoing and had a high level of self-confidence. Even at this young age Alice believed that she was very beautiful. As time went on Chris stated that Alice began to describe herself as self-sufficient and independent because of a sewing machine her mother gave her. She also felt the need to be able to travel the world and experience new things. By the information that was given, becoming one with Alice Walker was not a hard thing to do. She has graced us with many novels and poems that have paved the way for many African Americans. You understand her better as a person through her strives to success. But you understand her better as a writer through her commitment and dedication. Chris explains her life in order from childhood days to becoming the successful person she is today. What captures my attention about Alice is that I admire her struggle to become the best. I say this because she went through her depressing stages and still managed to put a smile on her face. The challenges from abortion, to her divorce, the death of her father and so much more.

double standards and church and state :: essays research papers

Double standards are when there are a set of rules for one set of people and another set of rules for another set of people. How dose this pretain to the seperation of church and state do you ask? Relgion in school is my answer. We as students are not supposed to preach our religion in school. But along with that there is also a section within each of our text books that is all about religion. Teachers tell us that those are only classics and we have no reason to complain. Then they expect and incourage us to discuss about the a religiose storys within our text books. This act makes many students religios or not uncomfortable. I know this because I have asked several students how they felt about the issue. One student had told me how he had to go through a discussion an atheist student had brought up about his thoughts and beleifs on religion. This made the student i asked very uncomfortable and angery at the fact that the atheist student was preaching , as my friend felt, against my friends religion to his class. This act of discussing, as the teachers put it, made this sertain student very angery at the fact that the teacher can sit there and let the student preach against someones beliefs. Knowing that many people, not only the student I spoke to, believed in what the atheist was aposeing. So my friend was not the only one angery at that discussion and not showing it, but many were. This issue of discussion also gose other ways. For example, say a Jewish student was assigned ,along with the rest of the class, a religious short story on a Christian belief. When he returns to the school and the teacher starts a discussion on the story. The teacher explains the back ground of the religion and gets into great detail . To this Jewish student this sound alot like preching the Chrisian beliefs to the class. There could also be a different student in the class that had the same problem and he or she just happens to be a Buddist, Muslim, Mormand, ect. This explaining of the Christian religion could sound like preching to anyone with a different religous back ground. Anyone that can make a student quit reciteing the Pledge of Allegiance every day just because of the statement, "One nation under God".

Mother Nature Knows Better in Chemistry Essay

Each and every one of us has a responsibility to protect our environment. Being thinking beings, we have all that it takes to keep our surroundings free from abuse and misuse. All we really need is to know what we do right and which actions we do wrongly to help lessen the effects of modernism to our planet. The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings (Carson 420). Mother Nature is wise. Although all creatures have been given the proper habitats and basic needs to live, earth also provided organisms that would limit each species’ reproduction so that a healthy balance is acquired. This equilibrium has given peace on earth until man had learned to use his mind to alter his environment. The want for a better and comfortable life has always been man’s weakness. This has been the reason why history shows that different cultures have tried to get the best of other worlds into their own lands. Plants and animals have been imported by different countries to adapt these creatures to another culture’s different needs. However, this has destroyed the balance that nature had intended and has resulted to negative effects such as the transportation of unneeded microorganisms. Carson explains that each organism has counter creatures and aspects in its natural habitat that limit its population to the number that is needed to balance the environment it belongs to. Whenever an organism is transported to another place, there is no guarantee that the new habitat will be able to control its population. This, therefore, can become a threat to its new environment in the form of pests or even epidemics. Another reason for imbalance is the farming system that has been developed. When more than the normal quantity of crops are planted in just one place, the insects that are attracted to these also grow in abundance. Therefore, upsetting the natural balance of the environment causes problems like pestilence. Urban lifestyle has also contributed to the problems of insect infestation. In some countries, the natural habitat has been interrupted by the build up of too many houses (and slums) in just a particular piece of land. Irresponsible disposal of garbage and unhealthy habits also give rise to the problem of mosquitoes and other pests. Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) has been the first synthetic pesticide that was ever invented to control infestation. Carson believes that this chemical and the other man-made pesticides leave particles on the areas that have been treated and this harms the other parts of the environment. This has become the premise for the invention of chemicals that will counter attack the problems of insects. The term â€Å"chemical† is defined by the Oxford Dictionary noun a distinct compound or substance, especially one which has been artificially prepared or purified. Being man-made, it can destroy the balance of nature. Modern society has a wide inventory of many chemicals that can be harmful to the environment. Some of these such as hair sprays, cleaning aids, smoke from cigarettes and cars, etc. do not seem harmful but researcher say otherwise. DDT has even been ascribed as a factor that leads to cancer. Ronald Bailey (427), an environmental reporter, believes that DDT has been falsely accused of being a carcinogen because research cannot prove that it really does cause cancer. However, environmentalists like Rachel Carson have ignorantly used this premise to increase awareness for our planet. Whether or not DDT is a carcinogen, it is just one of the synthetic materials that have come to dominate human living. Thousands of other inventions using chemicals have brought forth many problems that are not just harmful but also irreversible. Global warming, based on Encyclopaedia Britannica, is an increase in global average surface temperature resulting from an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide (caused by natural emissions of plants and combustion from carbon-containing materials), methane (produced industrially by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal in the manufacture of coal gas), and certain other trace gases in the atmosphere. Industrial emissions and smoke belching automobiles are being blamed for this phenomenon. This has caused a lot of controversy because it means that the earth is becoming too warm for human existence. However, according to climate scientists, human activities have very little effect on the climate, compared to many other factors, from volcanoes to clouds. (Sowell) Global warming is just an issue being used by other scientists to get grants for their studies. These researchers claim that with or without man’s inventions, nature has its own causes of global temperature changes. The truth in the many arguments about what civilization has done to the environment is hard to decipher for common students. However, whether or not pesticides are carcinogens and even if global-warming is a doubtful issue, our environment is a very important place that all must protect from abuse and misuse. Pesticides may not be immediately fatal for humans but to comply with universal laws, there is a need to use these in moderation. Anything overdone can lead to serious consequences such as food poisoning and allergies. Industrial wastes, even if they apparently do not really affect global-warming, can still cause pollution that leads to many health issues. The earth is the only home for us human beings. It is where we get our food and breathe the air that we need to survive. It provides us with the shelter we need to protect ourselves from the harsh realities of our own habitat. We need to find ways to start ensuring the safety of our environment against man’s drive to improve lives by ignoring possible negative consequences. The European nations are a model right now for environmental protection. Car companies need to recall their older less-functional models so that these can be recycled into new products for their later models. Other electronic gadgets like personal computers and mobile telephones are also being eyed for this project. Forced to recover value from their discarded consumer goods, companies will have a strong incentive to design the toxics out of their products and to make them easier to disassemble and remanufacture (Greider 3). As students, there are many ways that we can also help protect the environment. Proper garbage disposal not only makes places look neat but also drive away the possibility of diseases that are brought by the insects that get attracted to garbage. Maintaining electrical and mechanical gadgets according to manufacturer’s advice also ensures that these are performing safely instead of emitting probable poisonous discharges. Reporting to authorities regarding the incidences of environmental abuse or misuse can also bring solutions to possible harmful situations. It is often said that the roots of environmental destruction lie in treating natural resources as â€Å"free† and not giving them â€Å"value. ’ (Shiva 443) Each little creature on earth serves a purpose for Mother Nature in balancing our environment. It may be hard to understand the impact of our small actions but putting value to the environment can make big changes that can only be seen collectively in the future. We have our own place in this natural balance and it is our responsibility to find the ways to maintain this balance. Works Cited Carson, Rachel. â€Å"The Obligation To Endure. † The Informed Argument. Place Published: Publisher, year. â€Å"Chemical. † The Oxford English Dictionary. 23 May 2007 . â€Å"Global Warming. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 23 May 2007 < http://www. search. eb. com/eb/article-9037044>. Greider, William. â€Å"Apollo Now. † The Nation. 02 Jan. 2006. 23 May 2007 < http://www. thenation. com/doc/20060102/greider/3>. Shiva, Vandana. â€Å"Values Beyond Price. † The Informed Argument. Place Published: Publisher, year. Sowell, Thomas. â€Å"Global-Warming Swindle. † National Review Online. 15 March 2007. 23 May 2007 .