Ylindrospermopsin Alkaloids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ylindrospermopsin Alkaloids - Research Paper Example CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The description of cylindrospermopsin alkaloids is such that they consist of three soluble water toxins that comprise of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) (1), 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (7-deoxy-CYN) (2) and also 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (7-epi-CYN) (3). Researchers have signaled towards certain problems related to the toxicological characteristics of these natural compounds, their existence in water and which was followed by their removal. The structural features of these alkaloids are in fact extraordinary comprising of a sulfonated tricyclic guanidine linked to a uracil ring. The beginning of this analysis centers on the isolation of these innate products followed by the investigation into the environmental impact of cylindrospermopsin alkaloids contamination. (1) Figure 1. The cylindrospermopsin alkaloids of cylindrospermopsin (1),7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (3). 1.1 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Credited to Moore and his team usin g a combination of NMR and mass spetroscopy, the extraction of Cylindrospermopsin (1) took place in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. While 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was discovered in 1999, owing to the purification of cylindrospermopsin which was performed on a regular basis. It was also concluded that the derivate of cylindrospermopsin could also exist in the form of a pair of tautomers because of the fact that the uracil ring’s vinylic proton was not identified during the application of the H NMR technique as shown in figure 2. However, as every sample of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was observed the incidence of the uracil group (4) was confirmed by examining the absorbance maximum (?max). Even... Credited to Moore and his team using a combination of NMR and mass spetroscopy, the extraction of Cylindrospermopsin (1) took place in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. While 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was discovered in 1999, owing to the purification of cylindrospermopsin which was performed on a regular basis. It was also concluded that the derivate of cylindrospermopsin could also exist in the form of a pair of tautomers because of the fact that the uracil ring’s vinylic proton was not identified during the application of the H NMR technique as shown in figure 2. However, as every sample of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was observed the incidence of the uracil group (4) was confirmed by examining the absorbance maximum (ÃŽ »max). Even though, the measurement of approximate quantity was not possible, it was evident that as a mixture of compounds the natural material indeed existed. The discovery of the 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin took place in 20 02 and it was originally established that it was synthesized with Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. The approximation of cylindrospermopsin’s relative stereochemistry was made by considering the unusualtautomer enol presence of the uracil D ring. To explain the concept, uracil D as described in structure 6 is a intramolecularly hydrogen linked to a nitrogen terminus of the guanidine group. The NMR evidence was made to be the basis of the product correlation which understandably led the research participants to conclude that structure 7 was the most appropriate and relevant description of cylindrospermopsin (1).

PR plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PR plan - Assignment Example Such people have to conduct many helpful public relations strategies for efficient interactions with the public in order to succeed their viewpoints. Rob Ford is currently the mayor of Toronto, but has also served as Canadian politician for three years. Meanwhile, the mayor has many personal controversies which usually threatened his political career. He faced the charges of drug abuse in the year 2013 (Sussman and Susan142). He denied all allegations, but after serious investigations by the police, his videos were discovered involving drug syndicates. Later, Rob accepted the allegations of smoking cocaine, driving while drunk and use of illegal drug abuse. The council cannot be able to dismiss him from the office of the mayor according to law, as a result of, such scandals. Rob has to serve as mayor with a negative reputation thus requiring an image overhaul. Rob must, therefore, interact with people of Toronto to create a good image despite the scandal about drug abuse. The audiences commonly targeted are those who consume alcohol, use anabolic steroids, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine and opiates. Students in secondary schools, colleges and universities are also included. The appropriate ways of reaching the audience is by using the social media to reach the people, conduct public rallies and seminars and visiting education institutions. Rob will be accompanied by other ten members who will assist in taking minutes and other activities. The ten members will conduct public campaigns against drug abuse during Rob’s official hours. The will use transit with by speakers to campaign in the villages and towns. The whole project will take a whole month to access the targeted audience. Rob will hold public meetings in urban and towns to address the efforts he made to stop using drugs. Some of the groups will uphold in posting the good image about Rob, as a result of, quitting from

Questions and essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions and - Essay Example nomena† or â€Å"all there are,† the real thing or one that we cannot perceive but whose existence we know of is the â€Å"Will as thing-in-itself.† However, for Schopenhauer, this â€Å"Will as thing-in-itself† cannot be separate from â€Å"phenomena,† while Kant believed they were separate. According to Schopenhauer, the two aspects of the world that we experience are the objective world or the external world that is relative to each of us, and the subjective world of the will, which is internal to us. Thus, the movement of the hand is objectively the outward movement, but inwardly it is the will in the individual to move it. For Schopenhauer, the doctrine of the will to live means that everything in this world is an expression of the will and thus depends only on oneself. The world was therefore shaped through man’s will. Thus, when there is a will, there is life. Moreover, when one has the will to live, he does not fear death. This is the basis of the will to live or survive, which is the highest of all wills. For Schopenhauer, the physical body is the only object relative to the individual. The physical body is the object that experiences our will and is subjected to the laws of the universe, and the vehicle by which we experience emotions and action. It is the will that directs and shapes the body as it is. Schopenhauer believes that if humans see the truth of the world from a moral perspective, they would see suffering, death and all other repulsive things. Thus, the result would be their denial of the will-to-live, which some people express through asceticism. This is the human condition, thus the goal of philosophy is to teach people to embrace the will-to-live and thereby to direct it towards better ways. I agree with Schopenhauer on the human condition. Thus, I believe one should own all these bad circumstances that surround him, and thus accept the will-to-live in the process in order to change these bad things. According to Schopenhauer, one

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Reading response papers - Essay Example e only wish to ascertain whether and to what extent religious forces have taken part in qualitative formation and the quantitative expansion of that spirit over the world. Furthermore, what concrete aspects of our capitalistic culture can be traced to them, In view of the tremendous confusion of interdependent influences between the material basis, the forms of social and political organization, and the ideas current in the time of the Reformation, we can only proceed by investigating whether and at what points certain correlations between forms of religious belief and practical ethics can be worked out. At the same time we shall as far as possible clarify the manner and the general direction in which, by virtue of those relationships, the religious movements have influenced the development of material culture. Only when this has been determined with reasonable accuracy can the attempt be made to estimate to what extent the historical development of modern culture can be attributed t o those religious forces and to what extent to others. In â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,† Max Weber examines the part played by Protestantism in the evolution of Capitalism. After reading his arguments, it is evident that there are definitely â€Å"certain correlations between forms of religious belief and practical ethics.† It is Protestantism, as opposed to Catholicism, which gives religious sanction to one’s calling, or occupation in life, and asserts that worldly activity is worthy in the eyes of God. Weber makes this point particularly clear in his discussion of the Calvinist Baxter’s works in Chapter V. Baxter holds that the activity of daily work is the best way to glorify the Lord. Idleness is condemned, while physical and mental activity is associated with divine grace. Baxter’s stand on specialization in a particular occupation, or division of labor, as a means of improving the quality and quantity of products, is definitely a precursor of

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Assignment Example In one analysis, 80 matched pairs of male and female expatriates were obtained to find out the percentage of the type of work they did and the level of education they had achieved. In 1980s, women expatriates were only about 3%, this grew gradually to 13.9% in 1990s. In some countries, due to religious affairs, women are not allowed to work. However, in some countries women were more interested in performing managerial tasks than men. The variations were also a result of geographic location, political stability/instability and culture and beliefs of certain countries. However, the researches that were done could not be carried out on a worldwide basis due to barriers of religious, traditional and cultural grounds. It was also found that women were less satisfied with expatriation and repatriation as compared with men, who were more satisfied with both. Value to reader: In a nutshell, as opposed to former presumptions, women are able to succeed in international assignments. More multinational organizations should be in the practice of employing passionate and ambitious women for managerial tasks. Former Chief Executive Officer and current Chairman of the Board of Procter and Gamble believes that international assignments were the main base which helped him become a global achiever. He joined P&G in 1963 as a staff assistant. As he became more experienced, he was awarded promotions, and in 1990 he assumed leadership of P&G’s international business. Design/Methodology/Approach: Dealing with uncertainty, knowing customers, balancing tensions and appreciating diversity are the main determining factors of success in terms of widespread business. These explain the situations where a manager has to go abroad and tackle with barriers such as language, cultural and ethnic, to know the likes and dislikes of the people and to be able to understand diversity and variations in almost everything. Mr. Pepper reflects about

Possible causes of destruction from space (solar storms and possible Essay

Possible causes of destruction from space (solar storms and possible impact from an asteroid or comet) - Essay Example The rise of scientific temperament rather than dispelling further consolidated these fears by extending new knowledge and information about space and the associated phenomenon. In that context, the longevity of earth is to a great extent a matter of coincidence and the spatial phenomenon like solar storms, and collision with asteroids or comets do have the potential to give way to an apocalypse. Solar Storms Before delving on the possible apocalyptic consequences of solar storms, one needs to delve into the scientific basis of these solar phenomenons. Simply speaking, a solar storm may refer to solar flare, Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) or a geomagnetic storm. The solar flares mostly get noticed as an abrupt brightening on the surface of the sun (Shipman, 1987, p. 266). This brightening of the solar surface is often interpreted as a massive release of energy of gargantuan proportions (Shipman, 1987, p. 266). The solar flares result into large scale ejections of atoms, ions and electron s from the sun’s corona into the space (Shipman, 1987, p. 266). These ejections of atomic and subatomic particles resulting from a solar flare do manage to reach the earth’s atmosphere. ... drastically jeopardize the modern life by causing natural disasters, earthquakes, Tsunamis, disrupting communication technologies, giving way to genetic mutations, jamming radio and satellite signals, and a plethora of other scientifically valid possibilities. It is a possibility that the very life nurturing potential of the sun could someday lead to an apocalypse. Coronal Mass Ejection (CME), simply put is a large scale burst of magnetic fields, solar wind and plasma from the sun’s corona into space (Ridpath, 1997, p. 102). CMEs do have the ability to disrupt the life on earth. In case, per chance, a CME is directed towards the earth, it could give way to shock wave of solar particles impacting the earthly life (Ridpath, 1997, p. 102). It is a known fact that there exists a direct correlation between the solar activities and the geological and biological life on earth. In case the sun turns into a cycle marked by massive solar eruptions and flares, shooting high energy partic les into the earth’s atmosphere, it could give way to unprecedented and unheard of apocalyptic possibilities. The consequences may be as innocuous as the disruption of electric grids and communications networks, bringing to knees the contemporary technology driven civilizations, or as threatening as the disruption of earth’s atmosphere resulting in large scale natural disasters, genetic mutations culminating in morbid diseases and food shortages giving way to wars, riots and large scale genocides. While delving on the physical, magnetic, atmospheric and climatic consequences of solar activity, one simply could not ignore its ramifications for the social, political and economic life on earth. It is a known fact that a great many wars are being fought for amassing scarce natural and mineral

Blaise Pascal and the Theory of Probability - Why it is important and Research Paper

Blaise Pascal and the Theory of Probability - Why it is important and the implications of this contribution - Research Paper Example Throughout history, various theories and principles had been laid down by mathematicians to further strengthen and deepen the study of numbers, space and computations. Numbers have been the characters used in math while letters are usually used in language. The operations and proofs that are done throughout the development in the field of mathematics give way to the modernization and advancement of the human mind. One of the theories that led to the advancement is the Theory of Probability. The Theory of Probability comes from the word probable and the adjective probably. â€Å"Probably† is usually used in casual conversation like: Caesar probably visited Britain. The outbreak of a nuclear war is less probable now than it was 10 or 15 years ago. The likely winner is Miss Florida. The expanding universe theory is probably true. The door is probably locked. (Weatherford, 1982, p. 2) The word probably cannot describe probability in a specific way as adjectives are descriptive wor ds. Once probably is said, it describes an object qualitatively. Probably pertains to qualitative description of frequency. Most people do not use probable in a mathematical sense as that word can also mean â€Å"possible, conceivable, plausible, reasonable and typical,† (Gigerenzer, 2007, p. 95). ... 1). In addition, uncertainty is concerned with the unknown or the insufficient information regarding the present and the future. The degree of uncertainty is linked with risk. Risk is the uncertain result which can be positive or negative. The positive risk is called opportunity while the negative risk is threat (Cretu, Stewart and Berrends, 2011, p. 4). Probability allows people to have calculated assessment of the unknown outcome. The theory can be elaborated in three ways as discussed in the succeeding paragraph. The Theory of Probability can be discussed using a classical method, simple property method and statistical method. Using classical method, the theory provides a standard measure for determining the uncertainties in the occurring events. Classical method can also be called mathematical method as an equation can be used to represent the theory: P (A) = n/N = No. of outcomes favorable to A/No. of outcomes in ? = v (A)/v (?) Where A = the event or subset of interested outcom es n = the number of outcomes ? = the set of all outcomes v (?) = the number of sample points in ? v (A) = the number of points in A (Bhat, 1999, p. 2) Another way of elaborating the Theory of Probability is through the use of simple property method. Additive property of addition is the basic form of probability theory. The following can illustrate the property: P (A?B) = P (A + B) = (m + n)/N = (m/N) = P (A) + P (B) [†¦] Probability function possesses the following properties: (i) P(A) ? 0, (non-negativity); (ii) P(A1 + †¦ + An) = ?n1 P(Ai), (Additivity), (iii) P(?) = 1 (normed) It follows immediately that P (?) = P (A + Ac) = P (A) + P (Ac) = 1, P (Ac) = 1 – P (A) ? 0, and hence 0 ? P (A) ? 1. Since P (?)