Gender inequality Essay Example for Free

Gender divergence EssayThis is a theoretical fire which views accessible institutions as collective tools made to fulfill individual as well as social sine qua nons of the large community. It pays attention to the expression, workings, responsibilities and exercise of the beau monde as a whole. Society is therefore seen to consist of subsections of inter-dependent and co-ordinated slew who work together to attain satisfaction and the survival of the whole caller. This accordingly calls for the alliance to be trained in behaviors and government agencys that benefit the society, with a deep believe that behavior is structural. The first phase in the social sensitization is then bond paper to values that outline the general guidelines of the societal functions and norms. Functionalists salute the fact that rules and regulations in the society help to organize and coordinate genuine relationships amongst divers(prenominal) members of the society. The institutions ta sked with the higher up roles include the economy, family, political and educational systems, which all forms the social structure. inside these institutions, there exist interrelated and interconnected norms and roles and thus it is believed to ensure societal conformity.For example, in the family, the interrelated roles are of sons, daughters, husband, m other(a) and wife. (Amartya, 2001, pp. 19) The theory is viewed from divergent angles and operates on some key concepts. It first views society as a system. A system is a mob of interconnected parts making a move towards same equilibrium. Secondly, for a society to survive, it essential satisfy some operational requirements that include reproduction among others. Thirdly, unalike phenomenon exists because they have to serve a function. Aspects like family, religion, order, media and education have their roles to play for betterment of society.In the social life, production and distribution of dangerouss and services must g et down place, administrative justice has to occur, political structure must in place and family structure must exist as a means to re en sexual activity and pr stock-stillt social life. The panache these roles are carried out obeys norms and structures of the society. An example of functionalism is gender contrariety. Functionalists generally believe that certain degree of in tingeity is important and functional for the society the society cannot operate smoothly without a certain inequality degree.In society, functionalists argue that inequalities must exist in the rewards in form of power, prestige, status and income. These disparities will generate each and every individual to perform distinct duties. Social inequalities represent natural inequalities which occur in the division of labour fulfil. Different classes of work produce extra value to the concerned process and therefore require an extra package of reward. In our institutional settings, different subsections have b een introduced to solve some functional and special roles. These put pressure on selected areas and groups hence the idea of inequality.Such micro institutions include operative (production), regulatory, legislatory and distributory prerequisites (Ridgeway, 1992, pp. 55). The reality is that each society and individual need to be engaged in solving problems related to control and coordination, production of goods and services and finally take up find best and optimal ways of distributing resources. With increase population worldwide, problems of feeding the individuals have develop thus creating new and more challenging forms and organizations which can coordinate and control various and distinct social units and excessively develop systems of resource distributions.The only solution to this is introduction of labour specialization and redefinition of assigned duties for fulfillment of specified duties. Ultimately, this results to big man aspect followed by a hierarchical chain w ith different mandates, duties and privileges. In the societal functioning, the idea of roles is developed into collectivities complementing each other in the functions fulfillment in the society. Most of the roles are bestowed on the social institutions and social structures. The structures perform their roles to assist the society to function.A perfect and equilibrium society is the one where the role and responsibilities are not conflicting, everyone knows and meets his or her role effectively and no discrimination or stratification. A perfect socialization is attained when all societal norms and values are observed and maintained by everybody in the societal settings. However, our todays institutions no longer value a leveraged socialization environment. This is because individuals in the changing situations are adapting to their responsibilities done a role bargaining process. (Dollar and Gatti,1999, pp. 45)The new and emerging responsibilities are never institutional and conf ormitive, but are rather geared at building different personalities to perform different roles in the same setting. Because the traditional adaptation process can not respond to sharp shocks and immediate radical changes, structural dissolution and dysfunction has occurred, star(p) to new system or death of the society. After the society dies, the oneness and status equity spirit dies away and people draw demarcation lines between themselves on the basis of social classes and economic status, hence inequality invades the social system.(Dollar and Gatti, 1999, pp. 89) Functionalist analysis perspective recognizes the society to be composed of various components, the institutions which are functional. Within them there must be institutional roles to be played such that social coherency and mutuality is an objective within many of them. The social structure is therefore bound to attain wide range of finis, a sense which cant allow them to concentrate primarily on societal affairs. Th is classifies the institutions with repute to time into either functional or dysfunctional. In this case only only power and coercion can be used to attain functionalism.This get down makes such institutions to develop other alternatives to fulfill the societal functions. Such alternatives are mostly made to help attainment of the institutional goals regardless of whether functionalism is attained or not. When functionalism dies, the institutions are never society friendly and therefore the tendency of status quo is approved and then inequalities rise up. Functionalists maintain their stand on the societal solidarity, without underreckoning the stratification issue, which is prevalence of hierarchical arrangement of different social classes.Functional prerequisites also include basic needs such as food, shelter, money and clothing. It is believed that social stratification is necessary in stabilization process of the society. This strategy comes along with inaccessibility of reso urces and the lack of social mobility due to the decay of functionalism. Stratification means that people at the working class have lower chances to advance socioeconomically, at the same time the wealthy continue exploiting proletariat generation, one after the other (Amartya, 2001, pp. 106). Functionalists have also found out that social classes are based on the power over the production process.In this case where function of familiar goodness is dead, the ruling class is the bourgeoisie and the working class is known as proletariats. These groups hijack and take control of not only production process but also its intermediary means of production. They then strengthen their relationships based on exploiting the rest of the mass in the society. At this stage the society undergoes profligacy and all former social patterns are dropped to give room to the emerging trend of living. This social stratification does not only manifest economic inequality but also power and status differe ntials. (Lorber, 2001, pp.67) Functionalist theory says that there exist four classes in stratification that betray societal togetherness and prevalent equilibrium. These classes are property-owning upper class, the propertied-less or white collar workers, petty bourgeoisie and working class. Functionalism is a field of thought that puts attention to values and norms of the society. As a look of diversity, it is the time to think in other terms that would release the society from the inapplicable chores that have been bypassed by time. The theory creates gender roles throughout ones life, permeating from churlhood to adulthood.According to the thought, this helps in structuring parenting and marriage patterns. In the mean time, the theory has been outdated because everyone has the sponbsilbility of responding to economic challenges of the family as well as family chores. Studies have tried to compare the way functionalistic theory assigns different duties with respect to gender, and the real life situation given the dynamicity with time. Revelation has been made that women are currently taxed with both work, majority of home chores and child care. On the other hand men are no longer the sole breadwinners of the family (Lorber, 2001, pp. 76).Despite economic contribution, it has been noticed that women have maintained the care large(p) responsibility in their familial context. As a result, functionalists view family as one of the components of social structure which its goals should be compatible and aimed at and common goal for mutual benefit. If the family is characterized by the above injustices in the allocation of family chores, then the theory flops in performing its duties as a societal conformer. By critically flavour at functionalism, it existed and considered lightly the suppression of women in the family, which was considered the most vital institution.Even if the functionalists failed to articulate the conflicts and tensions in the family, the y really existed if they were not about to. If that is not the case then functionalist oversimplified their analysis of women concerning work and family and only concentrated on the positive impacts of the family to the society at the cost of women. The mystery in this theory is contributed by lack of the realisation that a change can occur in the society that can lead to rebellion or innovation. Some changes build up rebellious atmosphere and thus the society undergoes dissolution.There was also the necessity to consider the effect of both manifest and latent functions in relation to functionalism. Manifest functions are conscious(p) intentions of the actors, whereas latent functions are objective results of their actions and that are unintended. To validate this theory from a personal point of view, a more comprehensive study into the gender inequality in both economic and the social arrangements in our contemporary world is necessary. In day to day life, women collaborate with men in ambiqous and complex ways, with different deprivations and rewards.I think that gender equity sensitive indicators should be developed to enable the functionalism, theory to gain meaningful momentum and focus on common good, an environment without deprivation and stratum. (Ridgeway, 1992, pp. 34) It would be relevant to explore why womens contributions and efforts do not receive commensurate returns. To excel in this analysis, these indicators should be developed and used, they should be formulated and utilized and identify unrecognized women efforts that go uncompensated.When inequalities hit a society, disparities are witnessed in such as men and women, social classes, racial groups and regional population. In terms of education all possible efforts should be made ensure equality in providing equal opportunity and realization of equal results to each student depending on personal aptitudes, interests and abilities regardless of gender. Discrimination on gender basis is usu ally demonstrated by factors such as interrogation result, response of teachers, enrolment levels, interaction of teachers with various topics, students and topics in the school environment.(Amartya, 2001, pp. 31) Functionalists did not consider these kinds of disparities that were covered within the society. School is one of the social institutions that these thinkers believed contributed to social harmony. They could as well consider harmonization issues within the school that are inhuman. If every aspect of humanity was to be put into consideration, then it could not apply to the larger society at the same time ignoring the oneness in the institutions themselves.If school was seen a good centre for transmitting and instilling those values, it should serve as the best example in exercising and applying them in every day life situation. The functionalists should rise to the reality and accept that women are not objects in any apparatus they can and do deliver vital and basic resp onsibilities that should be recognized, appreciated and rewarded. In the working environment the sense of humanity and gender equity must also prevail to pave way for justice. In some institutions, there is no subjection and objection to state or federal laws that guard gender biasness.Instead, discrimination has featured in areas of training, firing, placing, selecting and evaluating employees. When it comes to training, some training programes are made specifically for men, especially in the top management section. The reality is that women can even deliver more than or equally as men in these areas and therefore equal opportunities should be availed to all, keeping in mind work force back is made to utilize the capabilities of all employees for betterment of the institution or organization.(Lorber, 2001, pp. 134) From a personal view point, the labour market should not reflect lingering, pervasive and general inequality of sexes in society. I therefore advocate for policy for p olicy reforms at provincial and federal government to encourage change. Affirmative action through quota policies should be introduced to regard childcare as of paramount importance. Government policies should also address the demands of childbearing.In the working environment, it is believed that women work in part-time or in fields that are not self-directed which pay less, few women work for foreign firms which pay better and the believe that women work for wages tied to performance and therefore earn less. The policy reforms I recommend should address all these injustices. To conclude, functionalism theory can best deliver if it applies the strategies right from the micro institutions themselves then stretch forth to the entire society.This is because if the social institutions are weak or insufficiently apply these values, the entire society is bound to fail.ReferenceDollar, D. and Gatti, R. (1999) Gender Inequality, Income and Growth Are good times good for women? London, Rou tledge Amartya (2001) The Many faces of gender Inequality. Journal of gender and gender inequality, Vol. 43 Lorber, J. (2001) Gender Inequality Feminist Theories and Politics. New York, Roxbury Publishers Ridgeway, C. (1992) Gender, Interaction, and Inequality. London, Springer

Living in Families Essay Example for Free

sprightliness-time history in Families EssayHow does the average person view the common family? In the interpret of a happy family on commercials, conflict and hatred are replaced with sweetness and adoration qualities that are apparent on the family members smiling faces. Pure happy years are simply not realistic. In real life, families have good reason to frown occasionally, which leads to a statement by the author Willa Cather about a family blood.She comments that the seed of the family conflict is from the clash of apiece members individual personality, or individualism. As one builds own identity, there is no choice but to struggle for charitable his or her ego to some other family members even though they are a family who is supposed to understand and concede to one another, ideally speaking. Cather also says that family members pursue the mavin of security from mutual existence, and they desire to eschew from the restraint and infringe on individual privacy at the same time. Three work of literature which fight down Willa Cathers idea about family relationships are I Stand Here iron by Tillie Olsen, cardinal Kinds by Amy Tan, and rookies Blues by James Baldwin. Through the eyes of these characters, we rumpside see how the development of identity causes conflicts between family members. Ironically, they continue to pull outside(a) from each other even though they need each other. We should explore how the characters get over the tragic necessity (Cather 107-120). Though the main conflict in I Stand Here Ironing doesnt seem to appear on the surface the author shows that the conflict occurs inside narrators mind. When the narrator has Emily, her daughter, she is nineteen and it is the pre-relief, pre-WPA world of the depression (341). Living in the new era as a nineteen-year-old single make, she has to confront her new identity.In other words, there is a struggle between two identities inside her, as an individual who tries to su rvive in tough circumstance and as a mother who tries to love her daughter. As she confesses that she was a distracted mother (345), her unstable identity does not allow her to take superior care of Emily. This is the situation which Cather referred to as a triple life (107-120). The narrator has suffered from the real life that stamps the faces and gives character to the voices of our friends (Cather 107-120). In laborious circumstances, her only family, Emily, is the reason why she is still alive, but also the burden from which she wants to escape. This is shown in what was in my face when I looked at her, the scene in which she realizes her frown face at her daughter saying there were all the acts of love (341). Because of her desperate fate, the narrator unconsciously tries pulling away from her daughter even though she seeks to feel (Cather 107-120) maternal affection for Emily. This irony is represented by Cathers idea of the tragic necessity of human life (107-120). At the e nd of the story, the narrator shows her will to finish the conflict she has endured. According to Emily who never believed herself to be special, finds her identity and path, which concludes with her mother lightening the pressure about universe a role of breeder by letting her be (345). Contrary to I Stand Here Ironing, the main conflict between family members in Two Kinds is revealed clearly it is about the relationship between a mother and daughter. The peculiarity of this story is that the basis of the conflict is a clash of two different cultures, which can be interpreted as a clash of two identities the Chinese mother who wants obedient daughter and the Americanized daughter, named mei, who wants to follow her own heart (353).Her mothers wishful thinking is clear on this quote you can be anything you want to be (346), which means actually you can be anything I want you to be. This attitude is very different from the mothers attitude in I Stand Here Ironing. On contrary to let ting her be (345), Meis mother keeps pushing her daughter to do what she wants, not what her daughter wants this is Meis mothers personality. Meis response is I wont be what Im not (348). As a result, the conflict in this story is caused by the clash of individual identities, as Cather describes. Moreover, the trouble reaches a peak at their quarrel following the piano recital. In this scene, Mei pretends to pull away (Cather 107-120) from her mother by saying the conjury words (353). What Mei says was not from the bottom of her heart it could be seen when Mei gets the piano as a sign of forgiveness (353), she feels proud, as if it were a promising trophy (354). In other words, she cannot deny that she misses her family even though she wants to get away from them. After all, the daughter seeks to get out of the tragic necessity (Cather 107-120) by realizing that the two piano pieces pleading child and perfectly contented (354) is one song, which means that the pleading child has become perfectly contented. Compared to the other two works above, the conflict in chaps Blues occurs between a sibling relationship, not between parent and child relationship as in the preceding examples. The origin of the conflict is the same the clash of identities. At the beginning of the story, the fact that the narrator, Sonnys brother, gets Sonnys news from the newspaper shows that the relationship between two brothers is not secure their relationship as a family has already been pulled away (Cather 107-120).The reason why they have been separated from each other for a long time was the lack of comprehension of the others individual personality. To get the best the darkness outside (384), which describes the discrimination in that era, both brother have to develop their identities which helps them as they endure hardships. Unfortunately, the identities they developed are very different the narrator is practical and conservative, and Sonny is emotional and unconventional. T he clash of the identities has divided the brothers and causes Sonny to pursue escaping, running away, and trying to break the net (Cather 107-120) which leads to his addiction to heroin. In fact, Sonny had always been a good boy (377) as a member of the family. In his subconscious, he had another secret, passionate and intense (Cather 107-120). Though the narrator tries to care for Sonny in order to fulfill the promise made to his mother, He cannot understand Sonnys another (Cather 107-120) aspect. This conflict is the reason why they keep pulling away each other. Nevertheless, at the end of story, they get back together with perfect comprehension. Listening to Sonnys play, the narrator understands, at last (398), his brothers identity and why they were pulling away from each other he realizes that the root of the conflict the brothers had was not because of Sonnys rebellion but of his own misunderstanding of the suffering Sonny has endured. The brothers prepare to overcome the tra gic necessity, which initially separated them, with a Scotch and milk (399) in the end. In conclusion, through the analysis of the three works of literature, Willa Cathers idea of the double life and tragic necessity of human relationship (107-120) can be seen as a universal theme in various stories. The development of identity causes the conflicts between family members, and the irony is that they continue to pull away from each other even though they need each. In Cathers view, family members have a take chances to overcome the conflicts they have had, as demonstrated by the narrator of I Stand Here Ironing, Mei from Two Kinds, and Sonnys brother from Sonnys Blues. Each character gets the better of his or her own conflicts to a certain extent. As they should families are supposed to stick together.ReferencesCather, Willa. Katherine Mansfield. Willa Cather on Writing. Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press, 1988. 107-120.Schilb, John, and Clifford, John. Making Literature Matter . Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2006

Advantages of On The Job Training

Advantages of On The Job TrainingThis written report discusses an important topic of human resource management and that is learn of the employees. This cavity great importance as it serves twin purposes which ar that it helps in the c argonr development of individuals and simultaneously is re entirelyy healthy for the growth of an organization. First of all instruction is defined with preciseness yet with clarity. Then an overview is given about the need, importance and finally the sequence of events followed during the functioning of formulation. An exceptional stress is laid upon the evaluation of the development that has been given to the employees to measure its effectiveness.Later in the paper on the phone line training, the some popular regularity of training is discussed in detail. This method of training is critically analyze also arguing for and against for the use of this technique in most organizations for training employees. By keeping the entire debate in foc us finally the paper concludes that, by following a simple system, managers responsible for on-the-job training can greatly improve the effectiveness of their training efforts.TRAININGTraining is the process of increasing the knowledge and skills for doing a particular job. It is an structured method by which people acquire knowledge and skills for a definite purpose. It basically bridges chess opening between job gestatement and present competence of an employee.Need of TrainingTraining is required on account of the following reasonsJob requirement Employee selected for a job might lack the qualifications required to perform the job effectiveness.Technological changes Technology is changing very fast. Now automation and mechanization have are being increasingly applied.Organization viability In order to survive and grow an organization must continually adopt itself to the changing environment.Internal mobility Training becomes unavoidable when an employee moves from one job to a nother due to promotion and transfer.Importance of TrainingTraining is the process of imparting knowledge, skills and aptitude to perform desired job. A easily planned and well executed training program can provide the following advantagesIt helps in improving the level of performance and hence results in higher(prenominal) productivity.Uniformity of work methods and procedures helps to improve the quality of product or serviceA systematic training program reduces the cost and eon drawn in learning.Good training helps in economical use of materials and machinery.It reduces supervision.It lowers the rate of accidents.It boosts the morale of employees to perform the task/job efficiently. surgical operation of TrainingIdentifying training needs Process of training starts with identifying the need of training.Training objectives the next step is to set training objectives in concrete terms and to decide the strategies to be adopted to achieve these objectives. conniving training progr am An appropriate training policy is very important to meet the objectives. It consists of rules and procedures concerning training.Imparting training Here employees are given training as per their requirements.Evaluating Here the effectiveness of training is evaluated.Assessment of the usefulness of training is done to make sure that it is gainful, to identify needs to modify what is being provided, to discover raw needs and redefine priorities and most importantly to ensure that the objectives of the exercise are being met.There are various methods employers use to actually deliver the training. The most popular method is on-the-job training.ON THE JOB TRAININGOn-the-job training (OJT) is one of the paramount training methods because it is planned, organized, and conducted at the employees workplace. On-the-job training is unremarkably the principal method apply for augmenting employee skills and escalating output and efficiency. It is mainly suitable for developing expertise d istinctive to an employees job, chiefly those positions whose work is relatively easy to learn and require locally- witnessed equipment and facilities.Self-esteem, high yield, and professionalism are always high in those organizations that employ a logical and reasonable on-the-job training program.On analyzing the most important requirements that are highlighted in job descriptions and specifications form the basis for setting up an on-the-job training plan. To be most effective, an on-the-job training plan should includeThe eye socket under discussionAllocation of time to it each dayanticipated closing date andEvaluation will be conducted in what manner.A busbar should be assigned to each employee involved in on-the-job training to make it successful. All coaches are accountable and responsible for carefully planning the training and also conducting it effectively. On-the-job training is one of numerous ways by which a club might opt to impart the knowledge and skills its emplo yees require.Every political party has its own employment needs. These are dependant on the size of the company, diverse skills and information necessary to carry out particular jobs. Companies use a intermixture of strategies to have a labor force which has the essential job training. This helps them to carry out all the required job functions. Structured academic learning or vocational training is the few methods usually used. On-the-job training inevitably forms some part of all teaching programs, no matter which of the tactic is used to train the employees.It is said that on the job training is an important example of an investment in human capital. Like any other investment it has sign costs and returns to these expenditures occur in future periods. These future returns are measured by increased productivity of the worker during subsequent periods of employment. (Baron.J., 1997, On the Job Training, W.E. Upjohn institute for Employment Research. Kalamazoo, MI.)ON THE JOB TR AINING ADVANTAGESConducting training in an international environment is being avoided by many companies. An inclination towards training employees within their own working environment can be seen cl earlier. This way they use those tools and equipment which they will be using in future to carry out their specific map in the organization. This preference is proved by Walter who introduced the Task analytical training system (TATS) model is a performance-based approach to develop, implement, and evaluate a structured on-the-job training program that can be applied to a variety of manufacturing settings. (1996, October, pg1)The employee is given specific job training and they practice under the administration of much qualified staff. This way they gain confidence in their work. The trainer directs them how to perform the task appropriately and gives feedback immediately by pointing out any errors. This allows a rising trainee to be incorporated simply and quickly into the company, in addition to the job training being modified to distinctively suit the needs of the company.Furthermore, on-the-job training makes sure that the employee is actually working as it is learning. This leads them to being further dynamic and proficient. From a financial perspective, for the company its a very cost effective method of imparting knowledge and skills that are according to the companys wants.ON THE JOB TRAINING DISADVANTAGESOn-the-job training isnt always as effectual as it should be. There are many reasons to it.Firstly, its not sufficient that the employee just passes on the skills and knowledge required for the particular job.A major fact is that teaching and training is also a skill which people should have to be qualified. If they are not and are still giving training to the workforce, then this will be ill-planned and would be delivered in a way that will confuse the trainee. He wont be able to grasp the concepts, therefore revealing the poor standard of the train ing. To both the company and to the trainee themselves this will be counter-productive. Often, on the job training is given in a hasty manner, so that employees start working up to the mark early and to save companys money. This also does not give time to the trainer to establish the skills injected in plus doesnt allow sufficient time for feedback. Consequently on the job training turns into a waste of time. One of the pivotal mistakes a trainer can make is trying to get too much information listless in a short period of time.One aspect should be kept in mind that trainees are going to take long time to be able to perform the tasks as the company expects. The trainers can do the job blindfolded because this also has come due to many years of bang and unending hard work.If a company brings in an external trainer who is well equipped with all necessary tools but is completely unfamiliar with the companys operations and equipment then it has made a big mistake. Though from a financi al point of view it might be cost effective but external hiring isnt always necessarily helpful. An external trainer sometimes hands over bad habits to the trainee without realizing what they are doing. This should be avoided by strict vigilance.CONCLUSIONSo all that we have found out by this research is, that training is an essential part of human resource management. Moreover, on-the-job training is the best method as it is economical, simple and effective and everybody can do it. It doesnt need wide-ranging budgets, complex training courses, devoted training staffs or absence from the workplace. Its effectiveness can be significantly enhanced by applying a methodical approach.Importantly, each on-the-job model has its own merits and weaknesses but they all serve the same purpose of providing the trainees with the fortune to practice and learn by doing.If all I do is hear, I will forgetIf I hear and see, I will rememberIf I hear, see and do, I will understand. (Confucius,. 2005, April 17)

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism EssayIn familiar, negotiation mean bargain process between cardinal or more parties seeking to discover a common ground and reach an concordance to settle a matter of mutual concern or resolve a bout (Business Dictionary.com). According to Fisher Ury in their book Getting to YES Negotiating harmony without Giving In, negotiating is a basic ways in getting what you wish from other peoples (1981). While in Oxford Dictionary, negotiation mean discussion aimed at stretchiness an agreement. In Women Are Getting Even (WAGE) website, they interpret negotiation as conversation between two parties in order to make an exchange. According to twice-baked b contract (2006), the meaning of negotiation is discussion intended to produce an agreement. It also passel be referring as common root words that used to make a decisions and settle beat the problems (Moore, 2012), a process which is two or more parties attempt to agree on the rate of g oods and services that they exchange (Robbins Judge, 2003). Conflict and negotiation be a fact of everyday work-life, yet it often produces anxiety (Cutts, 2012).The UK Border Agency has announced that there are still technical problems with online engagement service (Kelly, 2012). This mastery shows that sometimes online booking faced a problem such as lost record (Kirschbaum, 2009), security issues (Fane, 2010) and technical issues (Scoot, 2012). There are problems that faced by customer when they used online booking system. Despite the fact that all the respondents (except for one) use computers close every day, 14% believe that booking online is not securing in general (Bogdanovych et al, 2006). Conflict happen because of these problems. Conflict happen when people did not agree with the issue, it will effect a friction or tension between that one-on-one or groups (Nahavandi, 1999). Negotion is a process that examining the facts of situation, exposing the interest of both parties involver and bargain to solve the conflict as mevery as possible (Moore, 2012). Negotiation permeates the interaction of almost everybody in the organization (Robbins Judge, 2003). According to Lucas (2008), conflict might occur because of differing perception, inadequate or poor communication and also contrary expectations. These problems often happen when dealings with customer especially in travel agency. In tourism industry negotiation is an important process to gain a mutual agreement of something, especially to travel agencies. It is crucial for them to confirm what their customer wants and need. Through negotiation conflict between travel agency and customer can be reduced. Negotiating through areas of conflict can often lead to win-win situations agreeable to parties, reducing ill felling and conflict (Queensland Government, 2011). Travel meanss provoke the negotiation power because they pay off maximum choice to strait to their clients (Travel Caf Inc 2011). This means they have variety of choices that they can get from their travel suppliers and they can give us the best deal with best value of possible. Online booking insufficiency of firsthand knowledge and rarely gives customer opportunity to speak with someone knowledgeable about service that they are booking (Morelock, 2012). The clients and travel doers can assists us to get what we want in our vacation.Online booking allow customer to make all travel plans on the internet means they can do it any time of the day or night at home or while theyre on their lunch break at the office (Oakley, 2012). It is true when we are doing booking online we can make a booking everywhere and anytime but we cannot negotiate the price of the tourism product that we wish to book. If we are negotiating with travel agents, we have the chance to get lower prices as possible. Price negotiation usually occurs during purchasing of materials or supplies (Francois, 2012). For example, if a travel package to Cameron Highlands costs about RM300 for two nights, the clients can negotiate the price lower and can get around RM250. With negotiations, both parties will receive their own benefits and it is a win-win situation (Rusk, 2006). When customer asks an agent to negotiate, means customer are essentially asking the agent to subsidize their vacation (Brock, 2009) but through online system, customer had no change to negotiate with an agent because the price is fixed. The Marriott International, Hilton Hotels, Sheraton Hotels Resorts and others was charged in San Francisco Federal Court on charges conspired to use their market dominance to fix the hotel prices with travel websites like Travelocity, Booking.com and Expedia, a subsidiary of Priceline.com From this grimace we can see that customer cannot negotiate the price because the price is fixed. The aim of the negotiations is to decide the price that is acceptable for both parties (Francois, 2012)From price negotiation process it b ecomes bargaining process. Negotiations commonly follow a process of positional bargaining (Cutts, 2012). Oxford Online Dictionary give two interpretation of bargaining, the first is an agreement between two or more people or groups as to what each will do for the other. The second is a thing bought or shoted for sale much more stingily than usual or expected. There are two types of negotiation which are distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining (Robbins Judge, 2003). Distributive bargaining also called claiming value, zero-sum or win-lose bargaining is a competitive strategy that is used to decide how to distribute a fixed resource such as money (Spangler, 2003). Honeyman (2012), interpret intergrative bargaining as one of platform which party try to understand interests of another party, on the expectation that it will helping the opponent to create solution as responsive its own concerns. According to Tewart (2012), many times people say they dont like to negotiate (b argaining) yet, they still shop around and never pay bounteous price. The word bargaining here does not only mean price negotiation, it is a much differentiated and broader term (Management Study Guide, 2012). Customer also can bargain to build his or her own trip with or without help from a customer care executive (Agarwal, 2012), asking whether travel agency offer travel insurance (trip Travel Responsibility Informed Protected, 2012) and a customer can seek redress under certain circumstances commonly referred as the right to repair, replacement or refund (Government of South Australia, 2011). These are things that customer can bargain with travel agencies.The freedom of customer is restricted when they make booking through online. Customer cannot confirm their specific requirement when make the online booking through the hotel reservation system (Vyas, 2010). For example, when they make booking through hotel reservation system, if they have something that they dont understand, no place for them to raise the questions. According to Lloyd, booking online doesnt have individual to deal with booking process, it leaf to customer to read and understand the complicated name and conditions. One of the advantages of booking direct with the hotel, by phone or email, is that customer can request a specific room of the hotel and they cannot normally do that online or with an agent (Trend, 2010)According to Tewart (2012), most people act in their best interest and most people who say they dont like negotiating, actually still want to. This statement show that customers still love to negotiate and online booking system prevent them from doing it. Negotiation is needed in order to secure the resources required for prospering project completion (Evans Lindsay, 2008). Through negotiating win-win solutions with customers it will not only give your company the best chance to succeed but will also create relation between customer and your company for future sales opportu nities (Douglas, 2003). Negotiation also can increase clarity about the problem, can lead to advanced(a) breakthroughs and new approaches, involvement in conflict can sharpen approaches to bargaining, influencing, competing and also can focus more attention on basic issues and lead to solution (Wertheim,1996)Vyas, J. (2010, August 10).Disadvantages of booking online on travel portals. Retrieved from http//ezinearticles.com/?Disadvantages-of-Booking-Online-on-Travel-Portalsid=4832401Web log message. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.wageproject.org/files/neg.phpQueensland Government , Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation. (2011).Negotiation skills. Retrieved from website http//www.skills.business.qld.gov.au/running/1172.htmhttp//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/negotiation.htmlOakley, R. (n.d.).The advantages of online reservations. Retrieved from http//traveltips.usatoday.com/advantages-online-reservations-63078.htmlLucas, R. W. (n.d.).Responding to con flict with customers. Retrieved from http//www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Responding_to_Conflict_with_Customers.htmlLloyd, M. G. (n.d.).Advantages and disadvantages of an online booking system read more Advantages and disadvantages of an online booking system ehow.com http//www.ehow.com/info_8780323_advantages-disadvantages-online-booking-system.htmlJohanson, M. (2012, August 21).Travel websites, hotels accused of price-fixing. Retrieved from http//www.ibtimes.com/travel-websites-hotels-accused-price-fixing-751937Brock, C. (2009, July 13).Negotiating rates and fares with travel agents. Retrieved from http//ezinearticles.com/?Negotiating-Rates-and-Fares-With-Travel-Agentsid=2603163Tewart, M. (n.d.).People still love to negotiate. Retrieved from http//www.expressyourselftosuccess.com/people-still-love-to-negotiate/Trend, N. (2010, February 11).http//www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/columnists/nicktrend/7213438/hotel-booking-should-you-use-an-online-agent-or-go-Bargaining power of customers. ( n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.managementstudyguide.com/bargaining-power-of-customers.htm twitch questions to ask your travel agent. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//trip.ustia.org/safety/articles/1233/top-questions-to-ask-your-travel-agent/Government of South Australia, Business, Industry and Trade Department. (2011).Refunds to customers. Retrieved from website http//www.sa.gov.au/subject/Business, industry and trade/Starting and managing a business/Running a business/Selling to customers/Sales practices in your business/Refunds to customersCutts, R. N. (n.d.). Using principled negotiation to resolve workplace issues.Conflict Management, 3. Retrieved from http//nl.walterkaitz.org/RNicoleCutts_PrincipledNegotiation.pdfSpangler, B. (2003, June).Distributive bargaining. Retrieved from http//www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/distributive-bargainingSpangler, B. (2003, June).Integrative or interest-based bargaining. Retrieved from http//www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/interest-bas ed-bargainingAGARWAL, S. (2012, October 08). unavoidableness to make your own travel itinerary? here are few portals that will help you.The Economic Times. Retrieved from http//articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/news/34322860_1_travel-agents-travel-itinerary-travel-hotspotFrancois, C. (2012).What is price negotiation?. Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-price-negotiation.htmNahavandi, A. Malekzadeh, A.R. (1999).Organizational port The Person-Organization Fit (ch. 13).Upper Sandle Ridge, NJ Prentice Hall.

Factors Influencing Availability of Water in South Africa

Factors Influencing Availability of Water in conspiracy AfricaThere ar many a(prenominal) factors influencing the sustainability of irrigate supply in South Africa. One of the reasons is that According to the global weewee balance (figure below), South Africa is situated in a negative all overspill zone, which means that annual evaporation always exceeds rainfall and South Africa is further situated in a semidesert / desert latitude zone, which has almost no weathering and do important formation, due to the drop in precipitation and vegetation cover, and the higher temperatures and evaporation rate. Besides the main factors, that will be dealt with in the essay, much(prenominal) as the over exploitation of pee system by the economic sectors and the main pissing sources in South Africa being polluted and therefore cannot be used, the situation of South Africa contri plainlyes largely to unsustain subject impost of water through evaporation and therefore influencing the su stainability of water for future generations.The table below supports The Miller Model (Figure 1) as it shows that in South Africa, the measurement of evaporation exceeds the amount of rainfall and the water demand often exceeds the water yield which highlights the shortages of water in that alone without other major factors being looked at.South Africa gets most of its water (66%) from surface runoff which is contained in about 320 dams all over the country which lead total capacity of more than 32 four hundred million m3. Johannesburg being such a huge city is the biggest metropolitan area in South Africa. However unlike other cities of its size anywhere in the world it is one in very few that are not situated on or next to a major watercourse. Johannesburgs main water source comes from the Jukskei and Upper Klip River in the north and south respectively. The Jukskei catchment is situated within the Pretoria-Witwatersrand area. A range of users from recreational activities to industrial users are using the Jukskei River, with polar water standards catering for each category and although the catchment is used for a variety of human activities it still has to support a population number of 790000 in 1991 which has in all likelihood increased over the years. The Klip River catchment is one of the most heavily impacted river systems in South Africa and is subjected to almost every type of pollution. It furthermore serves all five recognize user groups identified by DWAF (domestic, agricultural, recreation, industrial and the natural environment). It is approximated that 9500 million m3/annum of the total requirements for water of 12871 million m3/annum is abstracted from surface water resources. The remainder comes from groundwater, the re-use of pass away flows, and the interception of water by afforestation.In rude, semi arid and arid areas, surface water is not abundant therefore groundwater is used extensively insteadthe sestet major aquifers (rock s with porosity and water permeability) in South Africa include, Table Mountain Group sandstones, coastal sand deposits, basement granites, Karoo dolerites, Dolomites and alluvium along perennial rivers. near exploitable groundwater occurs in the eastern and northeastern parts of the country and in the Western Cape, where aquifers are concentrated.When looking at Figure 3 which is the map of South Africa shows how utilizable groundwater is scarce in KwaZulu-Natal and the south of South Africa whereas water is concentrated in Northern and Western Cape. However with ground water excessive concentration of chloride, nitrate, and other salts, all of which are costly to remove which shows how less and less groundwater will be exploitable for human purposes as it is becoming increasingly polluted with toxic wates. tone at the above figure it shows how water in South Africa is concentrated in the Northern part of South Africa. In KwaZulu Natal province, there is 92% of available water tha t is guaranteed and only a one in thirteen risk of water restrictions which shows its availability. Although water may be currently available, leading scientists counter that SAs economic hub will run short of water should a severe drought occur in the next 10 years.Due to South Africas chastening to maintain water pipes that provide households with water 30% was lost through leaking or burst pipes. The right to sufficient water is guaranteed by the countrys constitution, and the government has worked ambitious to provide access to running water to 88 percent of the population, up from 62 percent in 1996. However, water may be available but it is unevenly distributed and it is extrapolated that by 2025,that water deficits will occur in three of the four water management areas that support most of the countrys economic activity.The Klip River which has been mentioned previously is find in an urban area where there is plenty urban development and Industries. Due to mining activiti es in the area, the river is subject to pressures from those mining activities as large amounts of water are required to support industries such as those that generate electrical power. Mining on its own has been averaged to use up to 8 % of South Africas water. Mines such as the Grootvlei mine are responsible for intoxicating valuable groundwater by pumping wastes into rivers thus making it useless in regards to human use.IRRIGATIONIrrigation accounts for 50% of the total water use in South Africa. Farmers that grow crops or fruit, for commercial use or farmers that practise subsisitence agriculture, use lots of water to meet the demands of the fields of crops that look at watering. The process of meat production uses up a lot of water which is said to be around 3000 litres of water for one Kg of meat which is wherefore people are encouraged to reduce their intake of meat to save water.FACTORIESFactories not only emitt gasses into the atmosphere but they also release effluents i nto nearby rivers that are both toxic to humans and animals. Some factories use water to cool down tanks and other machinery and the release it back into rivers which is a form of pollution because when water is heated, oxygen decreases which is detrimental to aquatic life.MANAGEMENT AND SOLUTIONSCommunity Development and Environmental EducationBy raising awareness amongst all people in rural areas, that are mostly uneducated, that water is a precious resource which has an impact on all aspects of life people will begin to take pure tone of the significance of water to all that exist. These awareness projects can be made by having people talk to people about how to reduce water usage by not bathing three times a day or leaving a tap running for example.Water Conservation50% of all water available in South Africa is used up by irrigation purposes. The application of water conservation and demand management (WC/DM) principles in the irrigation and farming sector will have a significa nt effect on the availability of water to other sectors. In order to successfully manage water resources then stricter boundries must be set on each sector using and only allowed a certain amount of water.Industry, Mining and Power times SectorThe Industry, Mining and Power Generation Programme oversees the development and implementation of appropriate policies, strategies, projects and initiatives that will promote water conservation in these economic sectors. such(prenominal) programmes should be improved as they aim to establish a culture of water conservation in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and this will ensure sustainable use of water.Another solution and initiative that have been taken to combat water shortages is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (II) which is due to begin in 2020 as It is expect to take more than nine years to prepare for and implement the project. Once the project is underway there will be an estimated transfer of 479-million cubic meters per year to South Africa which is aimed at getting water from Lesotho and supplying Gauteng province with it however Negotiations were still under way with the government of Lesotho regarding the flagship of the project. Desalinization of surrounding oceans such as the Indian and Atlantic Ocean has been considered but later ruled out due to financial, technological and facility constraints in the country to undergo this process.It is true that water is still available in South Africa and it is also true that in a few years this resource will not be able to support and sustain the population. Industries and households have proved to be the guzzlers of water in South Africa. Strategies that have been implemented will be effective in trim the usage of water by Industries, and programmes that aim to educate the youth and the elderly on water conservation will alert people to the fact that We dont have the luxury of choice and time.

Pornography Does Not Cause Rape :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Pornography Does Not Cause RapeIts no secret that the United States of America is the number one country in the world for crime and carbon black. A fortune of speculation is occurring whether or not crock is the cause of go against.Diana Russell believes whole heartily that pornography is the cause of encroachment. She claims that pornography shows that women are susceptible and can lead men on by thinking that rape is okay. I would love to know how Mrs. Russell figures that pornography is the primary source for molestation. Obviously, she hasnt seen much of pornography.Pornography is the material, whether it be pictures, novels, or movies, that shows sexual encounters with people. The porno industry has boosted its song close to a billion dollars, and that was in the United States alone. What makes Mrs. Russells argument so ludicrous is the fact that she theorizes that ALL pornography leads to rape. How does a woman involuntary to perform fellatio to a man an act of rape? Ho w does a man performing cunnilingus on a woman an act of rape?Last I checked, rape was an act of violence I seriously doubt that any man is going to point a gun to a womans head and say Let me perform cunnilingus on you Of course, I would understand if Mrs. Russell would have said violent pornography. Violent pornography usually revolves around men overpowering women, or women overpowering men, or women overpowering women for that matter. Usually violent pornography has a lot of whips and chains, and a lot of nipple tortures and other clamps that are attached to any other orifices.But can we really say that even violent pornography causes rape? Ted Bundy would say yes, but I say no. Want proof? Alright, lets look at Japan. Japanese pornography is 80% violent, even their lifespan films have some sort of alien with ten thousand tentacles all forcing themselves inside a scared and terrified woman. But here is the kicker, Japan nevertheless has twenty-two hundred (2200) rapes in a sin gle year. Want to know how many are in the United States? Ninety-thousand (90,000) in one year.

Aleander Hamilton Essay -- Biography Biographies

alexander hamiltonAlexander Hamilton is among a group of men extolled as the founders of America. These framers, as they are best known, tend to be grouped, by modern Americans, into a item-by-item, homogeneous aggregate of people, with identical beliefs, political tactics, and goals. This generalization is far from reality, however. This is demonstrated in Forrest McDonalds book, Alexander Hamilton A Biography. Perhaps the most interesting part of the life of Alexander Hamilton was its first half. During this time, Hamilton formed many of the beliefs and practices that would guide the rest of his life and our nation, first, as the Secretary of the Treasury, and, later, as President of the United States of America. Hamiltons early life can be divided into three main sections his childhood, his education, and his public service.Hamilton was the son of a respectable French woman, Rachel Faucett, and a Scottish nobleman, James Hamilton. Alexanders parents separated when he was two. His mother took custody of himself and his brother. Living in a single parent home, truly a rarity in the 18th century, young Hamilton was forced to labor tirelessly as a child to help tide over the family. It was this hard work, however, that gave Hamilton the work ethic that he would later so frequently employ. His mother died nine years later. Hamilton, thus, continued his pattern of self-reliance. Most revealingly, the boy longed for fame. This lust, a direct result of his ro...